在國(guó)外留學(xué)過(guò)程中，Essay寫作里的銜接非常重要，是老師的評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一。很多留學(xué)生在寫作Essay時(shí)，明明自己覺(jué)得什么都可以了，但還是被老師評(píng)價(jià)觀點(diǎn)說(shuō)不清，其實(shí)這跟銜接有關(guān)。如果Essay寫作的銜接出現(xiàn)了問(wèn)題，那么該怎么解決呢？下面就給大家講解一下。

1、開頭結(jié)尾不要廣撒網(wǎng)

在國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)老師們總是強(qiáng)調(diào)開頭結(jié)尾點(diǎn)題、能把主體段觀點(diǎn)paraphrase清楚就好；但很多人根據(jù)中文寫作的習(xí)慣；喜歡開頭鋪開、結(jié)尾再眺望，這樣開頭和結(jié)尾就會(huì)出現(xiàn)主體段沒(méi)有展開的觀點(diǎn)。自我檢查中一個(gè)很重要的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是看開頭結(jié)尾中出現(xiàn)的人和物在主體段有沒(méi)有涉及。

案例

In order to complete a creative task, would you prefer to work alone or with others? Use specific reasons or examples to support your answer.

如果我們以：1. Team work provides additional perspectives that individuals overlooked.和2. Working in team can improve efficiency by distributing the task among a group of people. 為主體段觀點(diǎn)，下面兩個(gè)引入：

A) Society functions on effective communication, as more and more companies stress the importance of harmony between colleagues as a way to improve working efficiency.

B) Under intense competition, personal career success depends more and more on our ability to deliver high-quality results efficiently.

分析：B)要明顯好于A)，因?yàn)锳)中提到的effective communication對(duì)于社會(huì)的意義、workplace harmony在后文中都沒(méi)有得到呼應(yīng)。而B)中提到的內(nèi)容，在后文中都得到了進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明：

1.為什么要討論這個(gè)題目 – 因?yàn)樯婕啊皞€(gè)人職場(chǎng)成功與否”；

2.什么叫成功？– 工作成果質(zhì)量好且工作效率高；

3.怎樣提高質(zhì)量和效率？– 團(tuán)隊(duì)合作拓寬思路、團(tuán)隊(duì)合作分工協(xié)作。

2、注意檢查句間指代

很多留學(xué)生在寫作Essay時(shí)很容易出現(xiàn)指代不明的問(wèn)題。

比如：

Being able to express one’s opinion and to accept to other people’s criticism are both essential for improving communication between coworkers and the harmony of office. They allow them to understand each other professionally and personally.

首先，第二句用了兩個(gè)“他們”，分別指什么，作者沒(méi)說(shuō)明白。其次，如果仔細(xì)分析，前一句給了兩組復(fù)數(shù)名詞，一組是兩個(gè)abilities（表達(dá)能力+接受批評(píng)的能力）、一組是兩個(gè)結(jié)果（communication + harmony）；這樣一來(lái)第二句“them to understand each other”中的“them”和“each other”都是指誰(shuí)呢？實(shí)際上這是缺少指代對(duì)象的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。

在自我檢查指代問(wèn)題時(shí)，應(yīng)該注意以下幾個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：

1）單復(fù)數(shù)是否一致，上文students下文有沒(méi)有誤寫成he/she；

2）是否所有代詞在上文都有具體指代的對(duì)象；

3）慎重使用value（價(jià)值觀）、character（素質(zhì)）這種比較空洞的字眼，因?yàn)檫@些詞一般要求下文做出具體解釋來(lái)縮小文意，很容易導(dǎo)致內(nèi)容跳躍。

3、加入必要的說(shuō)理解釋

Essay寫作中，很多人喜歡用觀點(diǎn)句+例子這種結(jié)構(gòu)作為主體段的內(nèi)容。這種結(jié)構(gòu)的好處是觀點(diǎn)一目了然、明確具體；壞處是觀點(diǎn)和例子間容易缺少必要的磨合、例子顯得過(guò)于片面。這時(shí)，就要通過(guò)適當(dāng)解釋使段落過(guò)渡自然、層次分明。我們用一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單例子說(shuō)明：

案例

Raising professors’ salary is an effective way to motivate them to spend more time on education. It is well known that private universities in the U.S. pay their professors a higher salary than public universities. At the same time, these universities are also ranked the highest in most academic rankings, because their professors conducted more academic researches, contributed more papers to journals, and, on average, spend more time giving instructions and seminars to students.

這個(gè)例子觀點(diǎn)比較明確、也有相應(yīng)的例子；但是觀點(diǎn)和例子間還是有一些“落差”：Why are professors NOT motivated in the first place? How would a high salary help? 因?yàn)檫@些問(wèn)題沒(méi)有解決、后文例子只能被看作一個(gè)泛泛的correlation（相關(guān)）而不是嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)腸ausation（因果）。那么，什么樣的解釋才能把觀點(diǎn)和解釋有機(jī)聯(lián)系在一起呢？

首先，解釋應(yīng)該把觀點(diǎn)句中的遺留問(wèn)題解釋清。Raising professors’ salary is an effective way to motivate them to spend more time on education. → Professorship requires years of investments in higher education. However, compared to other educated professions, professors are relatively lower-paid, which means that some of them take part-time jobs with private firms in their spare time, rather than spend more time on researches.

這樣解釋，觀點(diǎn)-解釋-例子是不是被統(tǒng)一起來(lái)了呢？也不完全。因?yàn)槔訉?shí)際上還是對(duì)段首第一句的解釋說(shuō)明、而讀者的注意力已經(jīng)被拖著過(guò)了幾句話。想讓讀者的注意力自然過(guò)渡，例子應(yīng)該回應(yīng)說(shuō)理中加入的觀點(diǎn)?！? which means that some of them take part-time jobs with private firms in their spare time, rather than spend more time on researches. → It is well known that private universities in the U.S. pay their professors a higher salary than public universities. In doing so, these universities ensure that professors are paid as much as their equally educated counterparts in large firms such as executives or business owners. At the same time, these universities are also ranked the highest in most academic rankings, because instead of taking part-time jobs to subsidize their living, or working overtime in offices, their professors conducted more academic researches, contributed more papers to journals, and, on average, spend more time giving instructions and seminars to students.

這時(shí)我們看到觀點(diǎn)-解釋-例子已經(jīng)成了一個(gè)有機(jī)的整體。

以上就是關(guān)于Essay寫作銜接問(wèn)題的講解，建議大家成文之后，仔細(xì)分析一遍自己的Essay有沒(méi)有按照上面的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)檢查有哪些內(nèi)容沒(méi)有展開、哪些內(nèi)容是自己明白但沒(méi)有解釋透徹。

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