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為幫助大家應(yīng)對會計課程的繁重任務(wù),海馬課堂整理了一份會計必背的10大公式,附上中英文對照。希望同學(xué)們能在考試前溫習(xí)一下,做到心中有數(shù),考試不慌!

1. 會計等式(Accounting Equation)
基本會計等式(Basic Accounting Equation):資產(chǎn)(Assets) = 負(fù)債(Liabilities) + 所有者權(quán)益(Owner's Equity)
擴(kuò)展會計等式(Expanded Accounting Equation):負(fù)債(Liabilities) + 所有者權(quán)益(Owner's Equity) + 收入(Revenue) - 費(fèi)用(Expenses)
2. 財務(wù)報表(Financial Statements)
凈利潤(Net Income):凈利潤(Net Income) = 收入(Revenue) - 費(fèi)用(Expenses)
毛利潤(Gross Profit):毛利潤(Gross Profit) = 銷售收入(Sales Revenue) - 銷售成本(Cost of Goods Sold, COGS)
營業(yè)利潤(Operating Profit):營業(yè)利潤(Operating Profit) = 毛利潤(Gross Profit) - 營業(yè)費(fèi)用(Operating Expenses)
3. 財務(wù)比率分析(Financial Ratio Analysis)
流動比率(Current Ratio):流動比率(Current Ratio) = 流動資產(chǎn)(Current Assets) / 流動負(fù)債(Current Liabilities)
速動比率(Quick Ratio):速動比率(Quick Ratio) = (流動資產(chǎn)(Current Assets) - 存貨(Inventory)) / 流動負(fù)債(Current Liabilities)
資產(chǎn)負(fù)債率(Debt-to-Asset Ratio):資產(chǎn)負(fù)債率(Debt-to-Asset Ratio) = 總負(fù)債(Total Liabilities) / 總資產(chǎn)(Total Assets)
凈利潤率(Net Profit Margin):凈利潤率(Net Profit Margin) = 凈利潤(Net Income) / 銷售收入(Sales Revenue)
資產(chǎn)回報率(Return on Assets, ROA): ROA = 凈利潤(Net Income) / 總資產(chǎn)(Total Assets)
股東權(quán)益回報率(Return on Equity, ROE): ROE = 凈利潤(Net Income) / 股東權(quán)益(Shareholder's Equity)
4. 成本會計(Cost Accounting)
單位產(chǎn)品成本(Unit Product Cost):單位產(chǎn)品成本(Unit Product Cost) = 總生產(chǎn)成本(Total Manufacturing Cost) / 生產(chǎn)數(shù)量(Units Produced)
盈虧平衡點(diǎn)(Break-Even Point):盈虧平衡點(diǎn)(Break-Even Point) = 固定成本(Fixed Costs) / (單位售價(Selling Price per Unit) - 單位變動成本(Variable Cost per Unit))
5. 預(yù)算與預(yù)測(Budgeting and Forecasting)
銷售預(yù)算(Sales Budget):銷售預(yù)算(Sales Budget) = 預(yù)計銷售數(shù)量(Projected Sales Volume) × 預(yù)計銷售價格(Projected Selling Price)
現(xiàn)金預(yù)算(Cash Budget):現(xiàn)金預(yù)算(Cash Budget) = 期初現(xiàn)金余額(Beginning Cash Balance) + 現(xiàn)金收入(Cash Receipts) - 現(xiàn)金支出(Cash Payments)

6. 投資決策(Investment Decisions)
凈現(xiàn)值(Net Present Value, NPV): NPV = ∑(現(xiàn)金流量(Cash Flow) - 初始投資(Initial Investment))
內(nèi)部收益率(Internal Rate of Return, IRR): IRR = 使 NPV 等于零的折現(xiàn)率(Discount Rate that Makes NPV Zero)
投資回收期(Payback Period):投資回收期(Payback Period) = 初始投資(Initial Investment) / 年現(xiàn)金流量(Annual Cash Flow)
7. 管理會計(Managerial Accounting)
邊際貢獻(xiàn)(Contribution Margin):貢獻(xiàn)(Contribution Margin) = 銷售收入(Sales Revenue) - 變動成本(Variable Costs)
安全邊際(Margin of Safety):安全邊際(Margin of Safety) = 實(shí)際銷售額(Actual Sales) - 盈虧平衡銷售額(Break-Even Sales)
8. 稅務(wù)會計(Tax Accounting)
應(yīng)納稅所得額(Taxable Income):應(yīng)納稅所得額(Taxable Income) = 總收入(Total Income) - 免稅收入(Exempt Income)
9. 折舊與攤銷(Depreciation and Amortization)
直線法折舊(Straight-Line Depreciation):年折舊費(fèi)用(Annual Depreciation Expense) = (資產(chǎn)成本(Cost of Asset) - 殘值(Salvage Value)) / 使用年限(Useful Life)
雙倍余額遞減法折舊(Double-Declining Balance Depreciation):年折舊費(fèi)用(Annual Depreciation Expense) = 2 × 直線法折舊率(Straight-Line Rate) × 期初賬面價值(Beginning Book Value)
10. 營運(yùn)資本管理(Working Capital Management)
營運(yùn)資本(Working Capital):營運(yùn)資本(Working Capital) = 流動資產(chǎn)(Current Assets) - 流動負(fù)債(Current Liabilities)
存貨周轉(zhuǎn)率(Inventory Turnover Ratio):存貨周轉(zhuǎn)率(Inventory Turnover Ratio) = 銷售成本(Cost of Goods Sold) / 平均存貨(Average Inventory)
應(yīng)收賬款周轉(zhuǎn)率(Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio):應(yīng)收賬款周轉(zhuǎn)率(Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio) = 凈賒銷額(Net Credit Sales) / 平均應(yīng)收賬款(Average Accounts Receivable)
結(jié)語
會計學(xué)習(xí)對留學(xué)生來說可能充滿挑戰(zhàn),特別是在面對不同的計算公式和會計術(shù)語時,記憶負(fù)擔(dān)會更重。通過掌握這些核心公式,你可以大大提高自己的學(xué)習(xí)效率,幫助自己順利應(yīng)對會計專業(yè)的考試和作業(yè)。記得提前復(fù)習(xí)這些公式,做好準(zhǔn)備,在會計學(xué)習(xí)路上走得更穩(wěn)、更遠(yuǎn)!
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備案號:遼ICP備19007957號-1
聆聽您的聲音:feedback@highmark.com.cn企業(yè)熱線:400-778-8318
Copyright ?2015- 海馬課堂網(wǎng)絡(luò)科技(大連)有限公司辦公地址:遼寧省大連市高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)園區(qū)火炬路32A號創(chuàng)業(yè)大廈A座18層1801室
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