寫論文時，遵循 論點(diǎn)argument+論據(jù)evidence（這里使用reference來支持論點(diǎn)）

這就需要使用的reference 與論點(diǎn)相關(guān)，可以是贊同的觀點(diǎn)，也可以是反對的觀點(diǎn)。

這個時候需要對文獻(xiàn)synthesize 的能力，將多個來源的想法和發(fā)現(xiàn)匯總在一起，以便得出一個總體觀點(diǎn)。

舉個例子：

未synthesize的段落：

Franz (2008) studied undergraduate online students. He looked at 17 females and 18 males and found that none of them liked APA. According to Franz, the evidence suggested that all students are reluctant to learn citations style. Perez (2010) also studies undergraduate students. She looked at 42 females and 50 males and found that males were significantly more inclined to use citation software (p < .05). Findings suggest that females might graduate sooner. Goldstein (2012) looked at British undergraduates. Among a sample of 50, all females, all confident in their abilities to cite and were eager to write their dissertations.

Synthesize后的段落：

Studies of undergraduate students reveal conflicting conclusions regarding relationships between advanced scholarly study and citation efficacy. Although Franz (2008) found that no participants enjoyed learning citation style, Goldstein (2012) determined in a larger study that all participants watched felt comfortable citing sources, suggesting that variables among participant and control group populations must be examined more closely. Although Perez (2010) expanded on Franz's original study with a larger, more diverse sample...

可以對比看出，雖然兩端都在討論一件事情，但是第二段將不同的文獻(xiàn)的觀點(diǎn)融合在一起，有邏輯關(guān)系。這樣的引用才是有效的，而不是想第一段只是機(jī)械的把來源不同的文獻(xiàn)堆砌湊成一段話。