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一、在引言部分使用的詞語(yǔ)
學(xué)術(shù)寫(xiě)作中最棘手的部分往往出現(xiàn)在開(kāi)頭,就是你的引言。當(dāng)然,一旦你完成了你的計(jì)劃,有了你的論點(diǎn),你就需要真正把筆放在紙上(或手指放在鍵盤(pán)上),開(kāi)始你的論文。你需要考慮到你的讀者對(duì)你的主題或論點(diǎn)毫無(wú)頭緒,所以你的第一句話必須對(duì)這些進(jìn)行總結(jié)。解釋你的文章要談的內(nèi)容,當(dāng)然,不能失去學(xué)術(shù)寫(xiě)作的正規(guī)性要做到這一點(diǎn),可以使用以下任何一個(gè)單詞或短語(yǔ)來(lái)幫助你保持正確的方向。
1、Firstly、secondly、thirdly
盡管這看起來(lái)很簡(jiǎn)單,但如果你按照正確的順序表達(dá)觀點(diǎn),你的論點(diǎn)會(huì)更清晰。這些詞可以幫助你為你揭露你的觀點(diǎn)的方式提供清晰和結(jié)構(gòu)。這是一種極為有效的清楚地陳述事實(shí)的方法。不要太死板,覺(jué)得你必須對(duì)每一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行編號(hào),但使用這些詞匯可以是一個(gè)很好的方法,讓論點(diǎn)落地,并將論點(diǎn)聯(lián)系起來(lái)。
2、In view of、in light of、considering
這些論文短語(yǔ)對(duì)你的論文寫(xiě)作會(huì)很有幫助。它們可以幫助你根據(jù)其他作者的說(shuō)法或?qū)δ愕难芯康钠毡殛P(guān)注來(lái)提出你的論點(diǎn)。當(dāng)一個(gè)證據(jù)對(duì)一個(gè)論點(diǎn)有了新的啟發(fā)時(shí),它們也都可以使用。這里有一個(gè)例子。
The result of the American invasion has severely impaired American interests in the Middle East, exponentially increasing popular hostility to the United States throughout the region, a factor which has proved to be a powerful recruitment tool for extremist terrorist groups (Isakhan, 2015). Considering [or In light of / In view of] the perceived resulting threat to American interests, it could be argued that the Bush administration failed to fully consider the impact of their actions before pushing forward with the war.
3、According to X、X stated that、referring to the views of X
介紹一個(gè)對(duì)你的特定研究領(lǐng)域有全面了解的作者的觀點(diǎn)是論文寫(xiě)作的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵部分。在你的作品中自然地引用一句話可能有點(diǎn)困難,但這些學(xué)術(shù)短語(yǔ)提供了一個(gè)很好的方法。
盡管在你的介紹中引用一句話是可以的,但我們不建議你用直接引用的方式開(kāi)始你的文章。例如,用你自己的話來(lái)總結(jié)你所提到的觀點(diǎn):
As Einstein often reiterated, experiments can prove theories, but experiments don’t give birth to theories.
而不是:
A theory can be proved by experiment, but no path leads from experiment to the birth of a theory.” {Albert Einstein, 1954, Einstein: A Biography}
看到區(qū)別了嗎?在使用引文或轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話時(shí),也要確保正確參考。
二、增加信息和流量
你的文章的流暢性是非常重要的。你不希望你的讀者被你的寫(xiě)作節(jié)奏所迷惑而偏離你的論點(diǎn),是嗎? 因此,我們建議使用以下一些 "flow",它們保證能幫助你按時(shí)間和結(jié)構(gòu)順序闡述你的觀點(diǎn)和論點(diǎn)。
4、Moreover; furthermore; in addition; what’s more
這些類型的學(xué)術(shù)短語(yǔ)非常適合擴(kuò)展或補(bǔ)充你已經(jīng)提出的觀點(diǎn),而不會(huì)完全中斷流程。"Moreover"、"furthermore"和 "in addition"也是開(kāi)始一個(gè)新段落的很好的連接短語(yǔ)。舉個(gè)例子:
The dissociation of tau protein from microtubules destabilises the latter resulting in changes to cell structure, and neuronal transport. Moreover, mitochondrial dysfunction leads to further oxidative stress causing increased levels of nitrous oxide, hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidases.
And:
On the data of this trial, no treatment recommendations should be made. The patients are suspected, but not confirmed, to suffer from pneumonia. Furthermore, five days is too short a follow up time to confirm clinical cure.
5、In order to、to that end、to this end
這些是有用的學(xué)術(shù)短語(yǔ),用來(lái)介紹解釋或說(shuō)明你的目標(biāo)。很多時(shí)候,你的論文要證明你打算如何實(shí)現(xiàn)你的目標(biāo)。通過(guò)使用這些句子,你可以很容易地對(duì)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展,使讀者更加清晰。比如:
My research entailed hours of listening and recording the sound of whales in order to understand how they communicate.
Or...
Dutch tech companies offer support in the ?ght against the virus. To this end, an online meeting took place on Wednesday...
盡管我們推薦使用這些短語(yǔ),但不要過(guò)于頻繁地使用它們。這可能讓你看起來(lái)像一個(gè)真正的學(xué)者,但是切記不要過(guò)度使用它。
6、In other words、to put it another way、that is、to put it more simply
通過(guò)使用這些句子,用簡(jiǎn)單的描述來(lái)補(bǔ)充復(fù)雜的想法。這些是優(yōu)秀的學(xué)術(shù)短語(yǔ),可以提高你論文寫(xiě)作的連續(xù)性。它們應(yīng)該被用來(lái)以一種稍微不同的方式解釋你已經(jīng)提出的觀點(diǎn)。不要用它們來(lái)重復(fù)自己,而是用來(lái)闡述需要進(jìn)一步解釋的某一觀點(diǎn)?;蛘?,簡(jiǎn)明扼要地對(duì)前面的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)。
For example:
A null hypothesis is a statement that there is no relationship between phenomena. In other words, there is no treatment effect.
Or...
Nothing could come to be in this pre-world time, “because no part of such a time possesses, as compared with any other, a distinguishing condition of existence rather than non-existence.” That is, nothing exists in this pre-world time, and so there can be nothing that causes the world to come into existence.
7、Similarly、likewise、another key fact to remember、as well as、an equally significant aspect of
這些論文中的詞語(yǔ)是一個(gè)很好的選擇,可以添加一個(gè)與你剛才提到的論點(diǎn)或事實(shí)相一致的信息。在學(xué)術(shù)寫(xiě)作中,加入與你的觀點(diǎn)一致的觀點(diǎn)是非常有意義的。這將有助于你將你的研究置于一個(gè)研究背景中。
另外,像上面這樣的學(xué)術(shù)詞匯和短語(yǔ)也特別有用,以免重復(fù) "also "這個(gè)詞太多次。(我們是故意這樣做的,以證明我們的觀點(diǎn)!)你的讀者會(huì)因?yàn)橹貜?fù)使用簡(jiǎn)單的連接詞而感到不快。僅僅通過(guò)使用 "similarly"、"as well as "等學(xué)術(shù)短語(yǔ)和詞語(yǔ),你的文章質(zhì)量就會(huì)大幅提高。比如:
In 1996, then-transport minister Steve Norris enthused about quadrupling cycling trips by 2012. Similarly, former prime minister David Cameron promised a “cycling revolution” in 2013…
Or
Renewable Energy Initiative (AREI) aims to bridge the gap of access to electricity across the continent (...). Another key fact to remember is that it must expand cost-efficient access to electricity to nearly 1 billion people.
"not only… but also"的措辭是一個(gè)有用的方法,可以闡述你們論點(diǎn)中的相似之處,但要以更醒目的方式。
三、比較和對(duì)比信息
學(xué)術(shù)論文通常包括相反的意見(jiàn)或信息,以證明一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。顯示與你的研究有關(guān)的所有方面是很重要的。包括與你的論文的某個(gè)觀點(diǎn)不一致的事實(shí)和研究人員的觀點(diǎn),以顯示你對(duì)你的特定研究領(lǐng)域的了解。以下是介紹替代論點(diǎn)的幾個(gè)詞和方法。
8、Conversely、however、alternatively、on the contrary、on the other hand、whereas
找到一種天衣無(wú)縫的方法來(lái)介紹另一種觀點(diǎn)或理論可能是件難事,但這些術(shù)語(yǔ)和短語(yǔ)可以幫助你介紹論點(diǎn)的另一面。比如:
89% of respondents living in joint families reported feeling financially secure. Conversely, only 64% of those who lived in nuclear families said they felt financially secure.
And...
The first protagonist has a social role to fill in being a father to those around him, whereas the second protagonist relies on the security and knowledge offered to him by Chaplin.
當(dāng)與 "On the other hand"一起措辭時(shí),"on the one hand"也可用于進(jìn)行比較。
9、By contrast、in comparison、then again、that said、yet
這些論文短語(yǔ)顯示了對(duì)比,比較了事實(shí),并提出了關(guān)于你研究中某一點(diǎn)的不確定性。特別是 "That said"和 "yet"將通過(guò)顯示你的研究領(lǐng)域的條件或局限性來(lái)展示你對(duì)某一主題的專業(yè)知識(shí)。比如:
All the tests were positive. That said, we must also consider the fact that some of them had inconclusive results.
10、Despite this、provided that、nonetheless
使用這些短語(yǔ)和論文中的詞語(yǔ)來(lái)證明你的主題內(nèi)容的積極方面,而不考慮缺乏證據(jù)、邏輯、連貫性或批評(píng)。同樣,這類信息為你的學(xué)術(shù)寫(xiě)作增加了清晰度和專業(yè)性。比如:
Despite the criticism received by X, the popularity of X remains undiminished.
11、Importantly; significantly; notably; another key point
另一種增加對(duì)比的方法是強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)事實(shí)或意見(jiàn)在你的研究背景下的相關(guān)性。這些學(xué)術(shù)詞匯有助于在你的文章中引入一個(gè)包含非常有意義的觀點(diǎn)的句子或段落。一篇好的學(xué)術(shù)文章總是會(huì)包括實(shí)例。用例子來(lái)說(shuō)明你的文章會(huì)使你的論點(diǎn)更加有力。大多數(shù)時(shí)候,例子是澄清解釋的一種方式;它們通常提供一個(gè)讀者可以識(shí)別的圖像。最常見(jiàn)的引入說(shuō)明的方式是 "for example"。然而,為了不重復(fù),可以做一些其他選擇。
12、For instance、to give an illustration of、to exemplify、to demonstrate、as evidence、to elucidate
獲得最高分的學(xué)術(shù)論文是那些能支持所提出的每一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的論文。這些學(xué)術(shù)短語(yǔ)是介紹一個(gè)例子的有效方法。如果你有很多例子,要避免重復(fù)相同的短語(yǔ),以方便你的論文的可讀性。比如:
‘High involvement shopping’, an experiential process described by Wu et al. (2015, p. 299) relies upon the development of an identity-based alliance between the customer and the brand. Celebrity status at Prada, for example, has created an alliance between the brand and a new generation of millennial customers.
四、結(jié)束你的論文
論文的結(jié)論詞對(duì)于總結(jié)你的論點(diǎn)是必要的。你的結(jié)論必須包括對(duì)你剛才所暴露的觀點(diǎn)的簡(jiǎn)要總結(jié),而不能是多余的。這些觀點(diǎn)的表達(dá)方式應(yīng)該引出你在目前的研究中得出的最后陳述和核心觀點(diǎn)。
13、In conclusion、to conclude、to summarise、in sum、in the final analysis、on close analysis
這些短語(yǔ)是用于介紹你的結(jié)論段的論文。你可以在一個(gè)句子的開(kāi)頭使用它們。它們將向讀者表明你的論文即將結(jié)束。比如:
On close analysis and appraisal, we see that the study by Cortis lacks essential features of the highest quality quantitative research.
14、Persuasive、compelling
像這些作文詞可以幫助你強(qiáng)調(diào)你的論文中最相關(guān)的論點(diǎn)。兩者的使用方法相同。"the most persuasive/compelling argument is…"。
15、Therefore; this suggests that; it can be seen that; the consequence is
當(dāng)你解釋一項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果的意義時(shí),這些短語(yǔ)為你的解釋提供了完美的引導(dǎo)。
16、Above all、chiefly、especially、most significantly、it should be noted
你的總結(jié)應(yīng)該包括指導(dǎo)你得出結(jié)論的最相關(guān)的信息或研究因素。與 "persuasive"或 "compelling"等詞相反,這些論文用詞有助于吸引人們對(duì)重要觀點(diǎn)的注意。比如說(shuō):
The feasibility and effectiveness of my research has been proven chiefly in the last round of laboratory tests.
Or...
Film noir is, and will continue to be, highly debatable, controversial, and unmarketable – but above all, for audience members past, present and to come, extremely enjoyable as a form of screen media entertainment.
17、All things considered
這句話的意思是闡明你如何為你的結(jié)論提供理由。它意味著在你考慮了與你的研究有關(guān)的所有方面之后,你已經(jīng)得出了你所展示的結(jié)論。
在掌握了這些學(xué)術(shù)詞匯和短語(yǔ)的使用后,你的論文將會(huì)得到一個(gè)質(zhì)的變化。結(jié)構(gòu)會(huì)更容易掌握,讀者的體驗(yàn)也會(huì)改善。你也會(huì)覺(jué)得更有信心表達(dá)你的想法,所以務(wù)必把它們記下來(lái),如果有關(guān)于留學(xué)論文輔導(dǎo)的需求,可以隨時(shí)與老師進(jìn)行在線溝通哦。
                
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Copyright ?2015- 海馬課堂網(wǎng)絡(luò)科技(大連)有限公司辦公地址:遼寧省大連市高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)園區(qū)火炬路32A號(hào)創(chuàng)業(yè)大廈A座18層1801室
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